What condition is characterized by the destruction of the alveoli?

Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of the alveoli, which are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. In this condition, the walls of the alveoli are damaged, leading to a decrease in the surface area available for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. This results in difficulty breathing, as the lungs can hold air but cannot effectively facilitate this exchange. Over time, emphysema can lead to significant breathing problems and is often associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

The mechanism of damage in emphysema typically involves the breakdown of elastin, a protein that helps maintain the elasticity of the alveoli. This destruction is often due to long-term exposure to irritants, primarily cigarette smoke. As the alveoli are lost or damaged, the ability to expel air efficiently diminishes, leading to air trapping and reduction in lung function.

In contrast, cystic fibrosis affects the exocrine glands leading to thick secretions, asthma involves airway constriction and inflammation, and pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs but does not specifically destroy them. Each of these conditions affects the lungs differently, but their mechanisms do not focus on the specific destruction of alveoli as seen in emphysema